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William Augustus Duke of Cumberland: A Life, by Rex Whitworth
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The bitterness caused by the Battle of Culloden and the brutal suppression of the Scots which was masterminded by "Butcher" Cumberland, had repercussions which linger even today. This is a biography of The Duke of Cumberland, Colonel of the First Footguards, who - as a youthful Captain-General of the British - fought the veteran mercenary Marshal Saxe at Fontenoy and Lauffeldt. Beaten, along with a motley collection of allied contingents, by the French, he returned from campaigning abroad to the Highlands of Scotland and finally extinguished, at Culloden, Jacobite hopes for his father's throne. Favourite son of the martial George II and the intellectual Caroline of Anspach, he was carefully nurtured as the first prince of the House of Brunswick to be born in England and to talk and think in the British idiom. His natural instinct for public service as the duty of a prince aroused the jealousy of the politicians and accusations from Tory scribblers that he was set on establishing a German-style military autocracy. Everything he did to reform a small standing army, chiefly by making the officers more professional, was wrongly interpreted as a step to that end. He preferred, as political friends, the more genial Fox and Sandwich to the jealousies and suspicions of the power-hungry Duke of Newcastle and the temperamental patriotism of the elder Pitt. It seemed a final mortification when, after reluctantly agreeing to defend his father's Electorate against the French at the head of a number of German contingents, he gave way before a superior French army and concluded an armistice, which George II refused to ratify. Summoned home in disgrace, Cumberland sought the only way his personal honour could survive injustice, by throwing up all his military appointments to retire to his country estate at Windsor. Employing discharged soldiers, he hugely embellished the park landscape and built up the most famous stud in the history of the British turf, taking a chief part in setting up the Jockey Club. His experience and advice, however, was found indispensible in the strategic direction of the Seven Years War (1756-1763), and he ended his life in putting together for his despairing nephew, King George III, the first Rockingham ministry of 1765, which repealed the Stamp Act. He founded the Royal American Regiment (later 60th Rifles) and was the first military chief to send Regular Army units to India. Horace Walpole ranked Cumberland as one of the five greatest men of his time, and Fortescue declared that, despite his faults, he was the ablest prince of all his House.
- Sales Rank: #2597066 in Books
- Published on: 1992-12
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Binding: Hardcover
- 265 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Two sides to a coin....
By lordhoot
Rex Whitworth's biography on William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland proves to be a very interesting and informative reading material. The book which proves to be well written and very sympathetic in outlook toward the Duke of Cumberland's career as soldier and as a son of King George II and uncle to George III. As the book reads on, it was interesting to see the many facets of this man who may have been a royal blood but always a soldier first.
Cumberland is best known for his actions during the Jacobite Uprising of 1745 and his victory at Culloden where he completely destroyed all hopes of the Stuart restoration. He is also best known for the aftermath of that battle where many Scottish survivors were ruthlessly hunted down and killed or sold into white slavery oversea. Due to these actions, Cumberland was forever tainted by historians as "Butcher of Culloden".
One of the more damning evidences of Cumberland's "war crimes" as we may put it today is the controversy over a supposed forged order of battle where the Jacobites were to give no quarters once they defeat the British. Jacobites and the later on the Scots claims that Cumberland forged such an order to give justification to his own butchery after the battle of Culloden. When I visited the Culloden Visitor Centre in August 2006, the exhibit there make a great deal on this matter and its their assumption Cumberland forged the order to justified his brutal actions during the aftermath of the battle. The author on the other hand, on pages 89-90 of the book, believed that the order written for the suppose night attack on Cumberland's army which was cancelled, was a real Jacobite order and not a forgery. The author also stated that this order was well known throughout the Jacobite army before and during the battle of Culloden.
Overall, I found the book to be a good reading material and it should be considered as a mandoratory biography to read for anyone interested in the Jacobite rebellion as well as the mid-Georgian military history. There is no doubt that Duke of Cumberland led a very controverisal life and this is a good book to start off understanding him - even if you may be biased against him.
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
A dedicated soldier, dutiful son, and good man.
By Shawn Marchinek
Labeled the butcher by Jacobites, William, Duke of Cumberland is remembered mainly for his command of the British army which defeated Charles Stuart, the young pretender at Culloden. This book show's he was more than a butcher. He was a devoted son, and friend to his father, George II. He was the first Hanover Prince born in England. He was a brilliant General and dedicated to his troops. William even came to the aid of his nephew George III and helped set up a new government when most men would have just stayed in retirement. I enjoyed the tale of Mr. Whitworth's, and I now believe that history should re-judge this man by his life and deed's.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Being from the Scottish side of the Battle of Culloden ...
By Beth L. Bristow
Being from the Scottish side of the Battle of Culloden, I wanted to know if William Augustus really earned "The Butcher" name, or if history unkindly tagged it on him without merit. Mr. Whitworth wrote that he felt William had been judged harshly; however he qualifies that by noting that he followed his father's orders in the Crown's desire to disband the Highland clans as they tended to follow their Clan Chieftains' orders rather than the King's.
Some simple facts are missing. The people of Scotland in 1745-46 paid nearly double the taxes that the English paid on items bought and sold. The King of England allowed only woolen goods from England to be sold to the continent. Thus, the Highlanders' primary source of income was effectively lost. The Highlanders were starving, without weapons (they were banned) and at a disadvantage in the Battle of Culloden. A victory can hardly be that when one side is without weapons, leadership and food. Yes, the King's Royal Army was well-fed, well-armed and The Duke certainly saw to it that his troops were well-trained. The tragedy of it was that the King's subjects in Scotland suffered discrimination as they were seen as savages. In reality, they wanted to provide for their families, and were unable to do so.
William Augustus saw the uprising as a rebellion against his father the King, but in reality, it was a matter of survival. Perhaps if there had been some mediation instead of fighting, things would have been different and the Battle of Culloden, the last battle fought on British soil would have never occurred. It seems that in the past, the monarchy was in total control. It appears that William Augustus earned "The Butcher" Title honestly.
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